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As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission's compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.

  • The submission is original, has not been previously published, and is not under consideration elsewhere (or an explanation has been provided in “Comments to the Co-Editors”).
  • All listed authors meet ICMJE authorship criteria, have approved the final version, and agree to be accountable for the work.
  • The submission file is in Microsoft Word or RTF format.
  • The manuscript uses 12-point font, is single-spaced, and uses italics rather than underlining (except for URLs).
  • Tables and figures are placed within the text at appropriate points (not appended at the end).
  • References are numbered consecutively in the text using superscript numerals and listed in numerical order.
  • DOIs and/or URLs are provided for references where available.
  • All funding sources and potential conflicts of interest are disclosed.
  • For studies involving humans, documentation of REB approval and informed consent (where applicable) is available and described in the manuscript.
  • A Data Availability Statement is included for research articles.
  • Any substantive use of AI tools is disclosed (see “Use of AI Tools” below).